Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Karl Weyprecht

Karl Weyprecht

Karl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838 in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald, Germany), and died March 3, 1881 in Michelstadt. He was an officer (Linienschiffsleutnant) in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He is most famous as an arctic explorer, and an advocate of international cooperation for scientific polar exploration. Although he did not live to see it occur, he is associated with the organisation of the first International Polar Year. In 1856 he joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy (Kriegsmarine) as a provisional sea cadet. He served in the 1859 war. From 1860 to 1862 he served on the frigate Radetzky under the command of Admiral Tegetthoff. From 1863 to 1865, he was instructional officer on the training ship Hussar. On July 23, 1865 he became known to the German geographer August Petermann at a meeting of the "Geographic Society" in Frankfurt. He served in the July 20, 1866 sea battle at Lissa aboard the battleship Drache. In 1868 he had to hand over the leadership of the first German polar expedition to Karl Holdeway due to ill-health. He met Julius von Payr in 1870. He made a preliminary expedition with Julius von Payer to Novaya Zemlya in 1871. On February 18, 1872 he gained citizenship in Austro-Hungary. He co-led with Julius von Payer the 1872-1874 Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition on the ship Admiral Tegetthoff which discovered Franz Josef Land in the arctic. It was abandoned in the pack ice. The expedition moved on sledges to go further north, then to open water, and used boats to reach the Black Cape of Novaya Zemlya, where they were able to eventually contact a Russian schooner "Nikolaj" under Captain Feodor Veronin, and get to Vardø Norway, where they took the mail boat south and eventually returned to Vienna. On September 18, 1875 he addressed the 48th Meeting of German Scientists and Physicians in Graz, Austria. He reported the "basic principles of arctic research" and suggested that fixed arctic observation stations should be established. In 1879, he presented these ideas, along with George Neumayer's to the 2nd International Congress of Meteorologists in Rome. In 1881, he died of tuberculosis. Bibliography
- Karl Weyprecht, Die Metamorphosen des Polareises. Österr.-Ung. Arktische Expedition 1872-1874 (The Metamorphosis of Polar Ice. The Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872-1874)
- Julius von Payer New Lands within the Arctic Circle (1876) Weyprecht, Karl Weyprecht, Karl Weyprecht, Karl Weyprecht, Karl

September 8

September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). There are 114 days remaining.

Events


- 1331 - Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia
- 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.
- 1449 - Battle of Tumu Fortress - Mongolians capture the Chinese emperor.
- 1504 - Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Florence.
- 1514 - Battle of Orsha - In one of the biggest battles of the century, Belarussians and Poles defeat the Russian army.
- 1565 - Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles St. Augustine, Florida.
- 1565 - The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish siege of Malta (the Siege of Malta started on May 18).
- 1636 - A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.
- 1664 - The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was surrendered to the British who renamed it New York in 1669.
- 1727 - A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell in Cambs, UK kills 78 people, many of whom are children
- 1755 - French and Indian War: Battle of Lake George
- 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Bassano - French forces defeat Austrian troops at Bassano.
- 1810 - The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men established fur-trading town of Astoria, Oregon.
- 1831 - William IV was crowned King of Great Britain.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Sabine Pass - On the Texas-Louisiana border at the mouth of the Sabine River, a small Confederate force thwarts a Union invasion of Texas.
- 1888 - In London, the body of Jack the Ripper's second murder victim, Annie Chapman, is found.
- 1888 - In England the first six Football League matches ever are played.
- 1900 - Galveston Hurricane of 1900: a powerful hurricane hits Galveston, Texas killing about 8,000 people.
- 1921- 16-year-old Margaret Gorman won the Atlantic City Pageant's Golden Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dubbed her the first Miss America.
- 1923 - Honda Point Disaster: Nine US Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast. Seven are lost.
- 1926 - Germany was admitted to the League of Nations.
- 1930 - 3M begins marketing Scotch transparent tape.
- 1934 - Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner SS Morro Castle kills 135 people.
- 1935 - US Senator from Louisiana, Huey Long, nicknamed "Kingfish", is fatally shot in the Louisiana capitol building.
- 1941 - World War II: Siege of Leningrad begins. German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Deutsche deported to Siberia.
- 1943 - World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the Allied armistice with Italy.
- 1943 - World War II: Julius Fucik is executed by Nazis.
- 1944 - World War II: London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time.
- 1944 - World War II: Menton is liberated from Germany.
- 1945 - Cold War: United States troops arrive to partition the southern part of Korea in response to Soviet troops occupying the northern part of the peninsula a month earlier.
- 1951 - Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, California, 48 nations sign a peace treaty with Japan in formal recognition of the end of the Pacific War.
- 1954 - The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established.
- 1960 - In Huntsville, Alabama, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA had already activated the facility on July 1).
- 1962 - Newly independent, Algeria, by referendum, adopts a Constitution.
- 1966 - "The Man Trap", the first episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek airs.
- 1966 - The Severn Road Bridge was officially opened.
- 1971 - In Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated, with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass.
- 1974 - Watergate Scandal: US President Gerald Ford pardons former President Richard Nixon for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.
- 1974 - Evel Knievel's attempt to jump the Snake River Canyon at Twin Falls, Idaho, fails after a parachute prematurely deploys on his "sky cycle."
- 1991 - Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
- 1994 - A Boeing 737 operating USAir Flight 427 carrying 132 people on board, crashes on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport. There are no survivors.
- 1998 - At Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, Mark McGwire breaks Roger Maris' 1961 record of 61 home runs hit in a single season.
- 1999 - US Attorney General Janet Reno names former US Senator John Danforth to head an independent investigation of the 1993 fire at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas.
- 2000 - The Republic of Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Albania.
- 2001 - Durban, South Africa hosts the World Conference against Racism.
- 2003 - Brianna LaHara, a 12-year-old U.S. schoolgirl, is sued by the RIAA for downloading music illegally.
- 2004 - The NASA unmanned spacecraft Genesis crash-lands when its parachute fails to open.

Births


- 551 BC – Confucius, Chinese philosopher (d. 479 BC)
- 801 - Ansgar, German Catholic archbishop
- 828 - Ali al-Hadi, Shia Imam (d. 868)
- 1157 - King Richard I of England (d. 1199)
- 1207 - King Sancho II of Portugal
- 1271 - Charles Martel d'Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples (d. 1295)
- 1380 - Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (d. 1444)
- 1474 - Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (d. 1533)
- 1515 - Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (d. 1585)
- 1588 - Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (d. 1648)
- 1611 - Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671)
- 1621 - Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (d. 1686)
- 1633 - Ferdinand IV of Germany (d. 1654)
- 1672 - Nicolas de Grigny, French organist and composer (d. 1703)
- 1749 - Gabrielle de Polastron, comtesse de Polignac, French aristocrat (d. 1793)
- 1778 - Clemens Brentano, German poet (d. 1842)
- 1783 - Nicolai Grundtvig, Danish writer and philosopher (d. 1872)
- 1804 - Eduard Mörike, German poet (d. 1875)
- 1814 - Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer and historian (d. 1874)
- 1828 - Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, American Civil War soldier
- 1830 - Frédéric Mistral, French poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)
- 1841 - Antonin Dvorak, Czech composer (d. 1904)
- 1852 - Emperor Gwangmu of Korea (d. 1919)
- 1873 - David O. McKay, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1970)
- 1881 - Harry Hillman, American athlete
- 1886 - Siegfried Sassoon, English poet (d. 1967)
- 1889 - Robert Alphonso Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio (d. 1953)
- 1897 - Jimmie Rodgers, American singer and composer (d. 1933)
- 1901 - Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1966)
- 1910 - Jean-Louis Barrault, French actor and director (d. 1994)
- 1914 - Sir Denys Lasdun, English architect (d. 2001)
- 1918 - Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1921 - Sir Harry Secombe, Welsh actor (d. 2001)
- 1922 - Sid Caesar, American comedian
- 1922 - Lyndon LaRouche, American politician
- 1924 - Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005)
- 1925 - Peter Sellers, English actor (d. 1980)
- 1929 - Christoph von Dohnanyi, German conductor
- 1930 - Nguyen Cao Ky, Premier of South Vietnam
- 1932 - Patsy Cline, American singer (d. 1963)
- 1933 - Michael Frayn, English playwright
- 1934 - Peter Maxwell Davies, British composer
- 1938 - Sam Nunn, U.S. Senator from Georgia
- 1939 - Carsten Keller, German field hockey player
- 1944 - Terry Jenner, Australian Cricketer
- 1945 - Ron Pigpen McKernan, American musician (the Grateful Dead) (d. 1973)
- 1947 - Ann Beattie, American writer
- 1947 - Valery Afanassiev, Russian pianist
- 1956 - Frank Tovey, British singer and musician (d. 2002)
- 1960 - Aimee Mann, American musician
- 1964 - Michael Johns, business executive and White House speechwriter
- 1964 - Joachim Nielsen, Norwegian musician (d. 2000)
- 1966 - Carola, Swedish singer
- 1969 - Gary Speed, Welsh footballer
- 1970 - Neko Case, American musician
- 1970 - Latrell Sprewell, American basketball player
- 1970 - Yuji Nishizawa, Japanese hijacker
- 1971 - Brooke Burke, American model
- 1971 - Daniel Petrov, Bulgarian boxer
- 1972 - Lisa Kennedy, American television personality
- 1976 - Sjeng Schalken, Dutch tennis player
- 1979 - Pink, American singer
- 1981 - Morten Gamst Pedersen, Norwegian footballer
- 1981 - Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor

Deaths


- 701 - Pope Sergius I
- 780 - Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor
- 1425 - King Charles III of Navarre (b. 1361)
- 1539 - John Stokesley, English churchman
- 1603 - George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, English politician (b. 1547)
- 1613 - Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer (b. 1566)
- 1637 - Robert Fludd, English mystic (b. 1574)
- 1644 - John Coke, English politician (b. 1563)
- 1644 - Francis Quarles, English poet (b. 1592)
- 1645 - Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (b. 1580)
- 1656 - Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (b. 1574)
- 1682 - Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (b. 1606)
- 1721 - Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (b. 1686)
- 1739 - Yuri Troubetzkoy, Governor of Belgorod (b. 1668)
- 1755 - Ephraim Williams, American philanthropist (b. 1715)
- 1761 - Bernard Forest de Bélidor, French engineer (b. 1698)
- 1780 - Enoch Poor, American Continental Army general (b. 1736)
- 1784 - Ann Lee, American religious leader (b. 1736)
- 1811 - Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (b. 1741)
- 1933 - King Faysal I of Iraq (b. 1883)
- 1894 - Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician (b. 1821)
- 1943 - Julius Fucik, Czech journalist (executed) (b. 1903)
- 1948 - Thomas Mofolo, Lesotho writer (b. 1876)
- 1949 - Richard Strauss, German composer (b. 1864)
- 1965 - Dorothy Dandridge, American actress (b. 1922)
- 1965 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- 1969 - Bud Collyer, American television game show host (b. 1908)
- 1969 - Alexandra David-Néel, French explorer and writer (b. 1868)
- 1977 - Zero Mostel, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1979 - Jean Seberg, American actress (b. 1938)
- 1980 - Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- 1981 - Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (b. 1913)
- 1981 - Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (b. 1901)
- 1981 - Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- 1985 - John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1887)
- 2002 - Laurie Williams, West Indian cricketer (b. 1968)
- 2003 - Jaclyn Linetsky, Canadian voice actress (b. 1986)
- 2003 - Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- 2004 - Frank Thomas, American animator (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Noel Cantwell, Irish cricketer and footballer (b. 1932)

Holidays


- RC Saints - Feast of the Birth of Mary, also in the Anglican Church; Pope Sergius I
- Eastern Orthodoxy - Feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos
- Andorra - National day: Mare de Deu de Meritxell
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of 'Izzat (Might) - First day of the tenth month of the Bahá'í calendar
- Republic of Macedonia - Independence day (from Yugoslavia, 1991)
- Fiestas de Santa Fe in New Mexico, USA
- National literacy day (UK)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/8 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 7 - September 9 - August 8 - October 8 – more historical anniversaries ko:9월 8일 ja:9月8日 simple:September 8 th:8 กันยายน

1838

1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 6 - Samuel Morse first publicly demonstrates the telegraph.
- January 8 - Alfred Vail demonstrates a telegraph using dots and dashes (this is the forerunner of Morse code)
- January 12 - Joseph Smith, Jr. and Sidney Rigdon flee Ohio for Missouri
- March 7 – Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale" debuts at the Stockholm Opera
- March 8 - The New Orleans Mint strikes its first coinage, 30 dimes.
- April 30 - Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation
- May 31 - In Cornwall, self-declared Messiah John Nichols Thom kills a policeman who was sent to arrest him and flees to Bossenden Wood with 30 followers. Later in the day he dies when he tries to rally his followers to fight soldiers of the 45th Foot regiment
- June 12 - Territory of Iowa established
- 1 August - Slavery officially abolished in Trinidad & Tobago
- 7 September - Grace Darling rescues 9 survivors from the wreck of Forfarshire off the Farne Islands
- September 3 - Dressed in a sailor's uniform and carrying identification papers provided by a free Black seaman, future abolitionist Frederick Douglass boards a train in Maryland on his way to freedom from slavery
- October 16 - Date in the Bill Stump's Stone
- October 27 - Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs issues the Extermination Order, ordering the expulsion of all Mormons from the state.
- November 3 The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded. This paper was later renamed to The Times of India in 1861
- November 5 - Honduras separates from the Central American Federation, weakening the confederation.
- Proteins discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius
- the Pastry War
- Start of First British-Afghan War
- Republic of Yucatan declares independence from Mexico
- Start of Central American Civil War
- Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star.
- Christian Hermann Weisse proposes the two-source hypothesis of gospel origins, which is held by a majority of biblical scholars to this day.
- Regular Atlantic steamship service begins
- Augustus Siebe invents a closed diving suit with a helmet
- Louis Daguerre develops Daguerreotype
- Epidemic kills half of the native population in the Aleuts

Births


- January 4 - General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
- January 6 - Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
- January 16 - Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
- February 6 - Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
- February 10 - Gustav Oelwein, The founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
- February 16 - Henry Adams, American historian (d. 1918)
- February 18 - Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (d. 1916)
- March 3 - George William Hill, American astronomer (d. 1914)
- April 8 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor (d. 1917)
- April 16 - Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916)
- April 28 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1913)
- April 21 - John Muir, American ecologist (d. 1914)
- May 10 - John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin (d. 1865)
- May 20 - Jules Méline, French statesman (d. 1925)
- September 2 - Liliuokalani of Hawai'i, last Queen of Hawaii (d. 1917)
- October 6 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (d. 1910)
- October 25 - Georges Bizet, French composer (d. 1875)
- November 7 - Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French writer (d. 1889)
- November 13 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1918)
- December 20 - Edwin Abbott Abbott, theologian and author (d. 1926)
- December 30 - Émile Loubet, 7th president President of France (d.1929)

Month/day unknown


- Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (d. 1916)
- John S. Billings,M.D., American military and medical leader (d. 1913)

Deaths


- January 5 - Anthony Van Egmond, A Rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837
- May 17 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French diplomat (b. 1754)
- July 4 - Colonel José Antonio Vidaurre, Chilean rebel (shot)
- August 21 - Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (b. 1781)
- September 1 - William Clark, American explorer (b. 1770)
- November 21 - Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France (b. 1770) Category:1838 ko:1838년 simple:1838 th:พ.ศ. 2381

Michelstadt

Michelstadt is a town in the state of Hesse, Germany, in the district Odenwaldkreis. It is the former seat of the Counts of Erbach-Erbach. Michelstadt is noted as a center of ivory carving. Its town hall is over 500 years old, and is one of the most frequently photographed buildings in Hesse. Category:Towns in Hesse

March 3

March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). There are 303 days remaining.

Events


- 1431 - Eugenius IV becomes Pope.
- 1639 - The early settlement of Taunton, Massachusetts was incorporated as a town.
- 1791 - The United States Mint is created by the U.S. Congress.
- 1820 - The U.S. Congress passes the Missouri Compromise.
- 1845 - Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.
- 1845 - For the first time the U.S. Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto.
- 1849 - Minnesota Territory organized as a political division of the United States.
- 1849 - The United States Department of the Interior is established.
- 1849 - The U.S. Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins.
- 1857 - France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
- 1863 - Idaho Territory organized as a political division of the United States.
- 1865 - The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmen's Bureau.
- 1873 - Censorship: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.
- 1875 - The first ever organized indoor game of ice hockey was played in Montreal, as recorded in The Montreal Gazette.
- 1877 - Rutherford B. Hayes is privately inaugurated as the 19th President of the United States (his public inauguration coming on March 5).
- 1878 - Bulgaria regains its independence from Ottoman Empire.
- 1879 - The United States Geological Survey is created.
- 1885 - The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is incorporated in New York State as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone. (American Bell would later merge with its subsidiary.)
- 1891 - The Penalty Spot Kick rule in Soccer is concieved, but does not come into effect until the next season
- 1904 - Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a sound recording of a political document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.
- 1905 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).
- 1910 - Rockefeller Foundation: J.D. Rockefeller Jr. announces his retirement from managing his businesses so that he could devote full time to being a philanthropist.
- 1915 - NACA, the predecessor of NASA founded.
- 1918 - Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending Russia's involvement in World War I, and leading to the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
- 1923 - TIME magazine is published for the first time.
- 1931 - The United States officially adopts "The Star-Spangled Banner" as its national anthem.
- 1933 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated.
- 1938 - Glenn Cunningham breaks the world record for the indoor mile run by completing the distance in 4 minutes, 4.4 seconds.
- 1938 - Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
- 1939 - In Mumbai, Mohandas Gandhi begins to fast in protest of the autocratic rule in India.
- 1940 - Five people are killed in a arson attack on the offices of the communist newspaper Norrskensflamman in Luleå, Sweden.
- 1943 - World War II: In London, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station.
- 1944 - The Order of Nakhimov and Order of Ushakov were instituted in USSR as the highest naval awards.
- 1945 - World War II: Previously neutral Finland declares war on the Axis powers.
- 1945 - World War II: Hundreds of people die in The Hague after the Royal Air Force mistakenly bombs a civilian area in the city.
- 1949 - The Tucker Automobile Corporation folds.
- 1953 - A Canadian Pacific Comet Jet crashes in Karachi, Pakistan killing 11.
- 1955 - Elvis Presley appears on television for the first time.
- 1957 - In Frankfurt. Germany, Corry Brokken wins the second Eurovision Song Contest for the Netherlands singing "Net als toen" (Like it used to be).
- 1958 - Nuri as-Said becomes the prime minister of Iraq for the 14th time.
- 1959 - The San Francisco Giants officially name their new stadium Candlestick Park.
- 1961 - Hassan II becomes King of Morocco.
- 1969 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module.
- 1969 - In a Los Angeles, California court, Sirhan Sirhan admits that he killed presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy.
- 1971 - Beginning of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and India's official entry to the Bangladesh Liberation War in support of Mukti Bahini
- 1972 - The space probe Pioneer X is launched by NASA.
- 1973 - Presidents Rule introduced in the Indian state of Orissa.
- 1974 - A Turkish DC-10 crashes at Ermenonville near Paris, killing all 346 aboard.
- 1974 - Roman Catholic and Lutheran officials reach an agreement for eventual reconciliation into one communion, marking the first agreement between the two churches since the Reformation.
- 1976 - Fleetwood Mac records Rumours, which will be a blockbuster album in 1977.
- 1978 - Charles Chaplin's remains are stolen from Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland but are recovered 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva.
- 1985 - Censorship: Women Against Pornography award their "Pig Award" to Huggies Diapers, claiming that the television ads had "crossed the line between eye-catching and porn."
- 1991 - An amateur video captures the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers.
- 1995 - In Somalia, the United Nations peacekeeping mission ends.
- 1997 - The tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, Sky Tower in downtown Auckland, New Zealand, opens after two-and-a-half years of construction.
- 1999 - LaGrand case: The State of Arizona executes Walter LaGrand, a German despite German legal action in the International Court of Justice.
- 1999 - Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones begin their successful attempt to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon without stopping.
- 2001 - A U.S. Air Force Materials Command C-23 Sherpa transport crashes during stormy weather in the U.S. state of Georgia, killing 21.
- 2001 - A bomb explodes outside BBC Television Centre in London. The attack was attributed to dissident Irish Republican terrorists.
- 2002 - Citizens of Switzerland narrowly vote in favour of their country becoming a member of the United Nations.
- 2005 - Mayorthorpe Massacre: Four members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are gunned down during a drug bust near Mayorthorpe, Alberta in the worst attack on the RCMP since 1885 and the North-West Rebellion.
- 2005 - Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane around the world solo without any stops without refuelling - a journey of 40,234 km/25,000 mi completed in 67 hours and 2 minutes.
- 2005 - The freighter M/V Karen Danielsen, crashes into part of the Great Belt Bridge of Denmark, 800 m from Funen. All traffic across the bridge stops, effectively separating Denmark in two.

Births


- 1455 - King John II of Portugal, (d. 1495)
- 1520 - Matthias Flacius, Croatian protestant reformer (d. 1575)
- 1583 - Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648)
- 1589 - Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d. 1676)
- 1606 - Edmund Waller, English poet (d. 1687)
- 1652 - Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
- 1805 - Jonas Furrer, first President of the Swiss Confederation, (d. 1861)
- 1831 - George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist, (d. 1897)
- 1839 - Jamshedji Tata, Indian industrialist (d. 1904)
- 1845 - Georg Cantor, German mathematician, (d. 1918)
- 1847 - Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish inventor (d. 1922)
- 1863 - Arthur Machen, Welsh-born author (d. 1947)
- 1873 - William Green, American labor union leader (d. 1952)
- 1886 - Fred A. Busse, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1914)
- 1886 - Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968)
- 1893 - Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (d. 1998)
- 1895 - Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- 1895 - Matthew Ridgway, Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, U.S. Army Chief of Staff (d. 1993)
- 1911 - Jean Harlow, American actress (d. 1937)
- 1918 - Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1918 - Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)
- 1920 - Julius Boros, American golfer (d. 1994)
- 1920 - James Doohan, Canadian-born actor (d. 2005)
- 1920 - Ronald Searle, English illustrator
- 1922 - Nándor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer
- 1923 - Barney Martin, American actor
- 1923 - Doc Watson, American musician
- 1926 - Lys Assia, Swiss singer
- 1926 - Joseph Anthony Ferrario, American Catholic prelate
- 1926 - James Merrill, American poet (d. 1995)
- 1930 - Heiner Geißler, German politician
- 1930 - Ion Iliescu, President of Romania
- 1933 - Lee Radziwill, American fashion executive
- 1937 - Bobby Driscoll, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1940 - Germán Castro Caycedo, Colombian writer and journalist.
- 1940 - Perry Ellis, fashion designer (d. 1986)
- 1945 - George Miller, Australian film director
- 1946 - John Virgo, English snooker player
- 1947 - Jennifer Warnes, American singer and songwriter
- 1947 - Miyamoto Teru, Japanese author
- 1949 - Jüri Allik, Estonian psychologist
- 1949 - Gloria Hendry, American actress
- 1950 - Tim Kazurinsky, American actor and comedian
- 1953 - Robyn Hitchcock, English musician
- 1953 - Zico, Brazilian footballer
- 1955 - Andy Breckman, American comedian and radio personality
- 1958 - Miranda Richardson, English actress
- 1959 - Ira Glass, American radio host
- 1962 - Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American athlete
- 1962 - Herschel Walker, American football player
- 1966 - Tone-Loc, American musician
- 1970 - Julie Bowen, American actress
- 1973 - Victoria Zdrok, Ukrainian model
- 1974 - David Faustino, American actor
- 1977 - Ronan Keating, Irish singer
- 1981 - Lil' Flip, American rapper
- 1982 - Jessica Biel, American actress
- 1988 - Ian i-Pod Bengson, Bassist of The Two Tens

Deaths


- 1111 - Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch
- 1239 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1187)
- 1459 - Ausiàs March, Catalan poet (b. 1397)
- 1554 - John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (b. 1503)
- 1703 - Robert Hooke, English scientist (b. 1635)
- 1706 - Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
- 1707 - Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor of India (b. 1618)
- 1717 - Pierre Allix, French protestant pastor (b. 1640)
- 1744 - Jean Barbeyrac, French jurist
- 1765 - William Stukeley, English archaeologist (b. 1687)
- 1768 - Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (b. 1686)
- 1792 - Robert Adam, Scottish architect (b. 1728)
- 1850 - Oliver Cowdery, American religious leader (b. 1806)
- 1927 - Mikhail Artsybashev, Russian writer (b. 1878)
- 1932 - Eugen d'Albert, German composer (b. 1864)
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart, American pilot (disappeared)
- 1943 - George Thompson, English cricketer (b. 1877)
- 1959 - Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (b. 1906)
- 1961 - Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887)
- 1966 - William Frawley, American actor (b. 1887)
- 1966 - Maxfield Parrish, American artist (b. 1870)
- 1966 - Alice Pearce, American actress (b. 1917)
- 1982 - Georges Perec, French writer (b. 1936)
- 1983 - Hergé, Belgian comics creator (b. 1907)
- 1983 - Arthur Koestler, Austrian writer (b. 1905)
- 1987 - Danny Kaye, American actor, singer, and comedian (b. 1913)
- 1988 - Sewall Wright, American biologist (b. 1889)
- 1990 - Gérard Blitz, Belgian waterpoloist and entrepreneur (b. 1912)
- 1991 - Arthur Murray, American dancer and dance instructor (b. 1895)
- 1993 - Carlos Marcello, Tunisian-born gangster (b. 1910)
- 1993 - Albert Sabin, Polish-born medical researcher (b. 1906)
- 1994 - Howard W. Hunter, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1907)
- 1996 - Marguerite Duras, French writer (b. 1914)
- 1996 - John Cardinal Krol, American Catholic clergyman (b. 1910)
- 1998 - Fred Friendly, American broadcast executive (b. 1915)
- 1999 - Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 2001 - Louis Edmonds, American actor (b. 1923)
- 2002 - Harlan Howard, American musician (b. 1927)
- 2003 - Hank Ballard, American singer (b. 1907)
- 2003 - Horst Buchholz, German actor (b. 1933)
- 2003 - Peter Smithson, English architect (b. 1923)
- 2003 - Goffredo Petrassi, Italian composer (b. 1904)
- 2005 - Max M. Fisher, American philanthropist (b. 1928)
- 2005 - Rinus Michels, Dutch football coach (b.1928)

Holidays and observances


- Hinamatsuri - Japanese celebration day for girls.
- Malawi - Martyr's Day
- Bulgaria - National Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/3/3 Today in History: March 3] ---- March 2 - March 4 - February 3 - April 3 -- listing of all days ko:3월 3일 ms:3 Mac ja:3月3日 simple:March 3 th:3 มีนาคม

1881

1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 16-January 24 - Siege of Geok Tepe - Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans
- January 24 - William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill - it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2
- January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company
- February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
- February 13 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
- February 19 - Kansas became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
- March 4 - Rutherford Birchard Hayes is succeeded as President of the United States by James Abram Garfield.
- March 12 - Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player and captain.
- March 13 - Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.
- March 16 - Fenian dynamiters hit Mansion House in London.
- April 21 - The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
- April 25 - Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- April 28 - Billy the Kid escapes from New Mexico jail.

May - August


- May 12 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
- May 21 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
- May 21 - The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members.
- June 12 - The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
- July 1 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
- July 2 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States is shot by lawyer Charles Julius Guiteau. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from infection of his wound.
- July 4 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- July 20 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.

September - December


- September 5 - The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
- September 19 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States dies due to an infected wound caused by an assassin's bullet and is succeeded by Vice President Chester Alan Arthur.
- October 26 - Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
- October 29 - The Judge (US magazine) first published.
- November 19 - A meteorite struck earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
- December 8 - At least 620 die in fire at Ring Theatre, Vienna

Unknown date


- Founding of the Pali Text Society
- University College Dublin is established in Ireland
- The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.
- Founding of the League of the Three Emperors
- London Evening News begins publication
- Some Vatican archives opened to scholars for the first time
- Abilene, Texas is founded.
- Leyton Orient F.C. is Founded

Births


- January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
- January 9 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (d. 1938)
- January 17 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
- January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
- February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
- March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- March 23 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- March 23 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- March 25 - Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945)
- March 25 - Mary Gladys Webb, English writer (d. 1927)
- May 1 - Mary MacLane, Canadian-born feminist writer (d. 1929)
- June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955)
- July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
- July 30 - Smedley Butler, U.S. general (d. 1940)
- August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
- August 19 - Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955)
- August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959)
- September 8 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (d. 1945)
- September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
- September 17 - Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English soldier (d. 1955)
- October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. 1956)
- October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973)
- October 15 - P. G. Wodehouse, English-born writer (d. 1975)
- October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973)
- November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969)
- November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director and producer (d. 1951)
- November 25 - Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
- December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- Antoni Józef Śmieszek, Polish Egyptologist and linguist (d. 1943)
- William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)
- Hiram Wesley Evans, American leader of KKK and prohibitionist, (d. 1966)
- Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first President of Turkey (d. 1938)

Deaths


- January 3 - Anna McNeill Whistler, Whistler's mother (b. 1804)
- January 21 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1802)
- February 5 - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer and historian (b. 1795)
- February 9 - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (b. 1821)
- March 13 - Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)
- March 28 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (b. 1839)
- April 19 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- May 24 - Samuel Palmer, English artist (b. 1805)
- June 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
- July 17 - Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (b. 1804)
- July 18 - Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (b. 1859)
- September 7 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (b. 1842)
- September 19 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1831)
- September 22 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. 1831)
- October 3 - Orson Pratt, American religious leader (b. 1811)
- October 31 - George DeLong, American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. 1844)

Trivia

1881 was the only year in which three different U.S. Presidents occupied the White House: Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur. Category:1881 ko:1881년 ms:1881 simple:1881 th:พ.ศ. 2424

Austro-Hungarian Navy

The Austro-Hungarian Navy was the naval force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The official name in German was the Kaiserlich und königliche Kriegsmarine (Imperial and Royal Navy, also known by the acronym K.u.K). This navy existed from establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until the end of World War I. Prior to 1867, Austria's naval forces were those of the Austrian Empire.

Famous personnel


- Wilhelm von Tegetthoff - admiral of the mid-19th century
- Miklós Horthy - World War I admiral; Regent of Hungary during World War II
- Georg Ritter von Trapp - World War I submarine officer; head of the Von Trapp Family Singers made famous in the musical The Sound of Music

Commander-in-Chiefs of the Austro-Hungarian Navy


- Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, VAdm.(Mar 1868-Apr 1871)
- Friedrich von Pöck, Adm.(Apr 1871-Nov 1883)
- Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck, Adm.(Nov 1883-Dec 1897)
- Hermann von Spaun, Adm.(Dec 1897-Oct 1904)
- Rudolf Montecuccoli, Adm.(Oct 1904-Feb 1913)
- Anton Haus, Adm./GAdm.(Feb 1913-Feb 1917)
- Maximilian Njegovan, Adm.(Apr 1917-Feb 1918)

Commander-in-Chiefs of the Fleet (1914-1918) (Flottenkommandant)


- Anton Haus, Adm./GAdm(Jul 1914-Feb 1917)
- Maximilian Njegovan, Adm.(Feb 1917-Feb 1918)
- Miklós Horthy, KAdm./VAdm.(Feb 1918-Nov 1918)

Chiefs of the Naval Section (Chef der Marienesektion)


- Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, VAdm.(Mar 1868-Apr 1871)
- Friedrich von Pöck, Adm.(Oct 1872-Nov 1883)
- Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck, Adm.(Nov 1883-Dec 1897)
- Hermann von Spaun, Adm.(Dec 1897-Oct 1904)
- Rudolf Montecuccoli, Adm.(Oct 1904-Feb 1913)
- Anton Haus, Adm./GAdm.(Feb 1913-Feb 1917)
- Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels, VAdm.(Feb 1917-Apr 1917)
- Maximilian Njegovan, Adm.(Apr 1917-Feb 1918)
- Franz von Hulob, VAdm.(Feb 1918-Nov 1918)

See also


- List of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
- List of battleships of Austria-Hungary

External links


- [http://www.ahoy.tk-jk.net/macslog/TheGenesisoftheAustrianNa.html The Genesis of the Austrian Navy] - A Chronology
- [http://www.kuk-kriegsmarine.at/dienstrang.htm K.u.K. Kriegsmarine] - Austro-Hungarian Navy officer rank insignia Category:Navies Category:Austro-Hungarian Navy Category:Austria-Hungary

1856

1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 8 - Borax is discovered (John Veatch).
- January 29 - Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross
- February,1856 - The only month in recorded history to not have a full moon.
- February 18 - The American Party (Know-Nothings) convene in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to nominate their first Presidential candidate, former President Millard Fillmore.
- March 5 – Fire destroys Covent Garden Theatre
- March 9 - National Fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon is founded at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, AL.
- March 20 - Costa Rican troops rout Walker's soldiers
- March 30 - The Treaty of Paris (1856) is signed, ending the Crimean War
- April 7 - Foundation of Nelson College, Nelson, New Zealand
- April 10 - Theta Chi Fraternity founded at Norwich University
- May 16 - the Vigilance Committee founded in San Francisco, California. It lynches two gangsters, arrests most Democratic Party officials and disbands itself in August 18
- May 21 - Lawrence, Kansas is captured and burned by pro-slavery forces.
- May 22 - Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas ("Bleeding Kansas"). Sumner was unable to return to duty for three years while he recovered. Brooks became a hero across the South.
- May 24 - The Pottawatomie Massacre - group of followers of radical abolitionist John Brown kill five homesteaders in Franklin County, Kansas
- June 9 - 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.
- July 31 - Christchurch, New Zealand chartered as a city.
- August 10 – A hurricane destroys Last Island, Louisiana - 400 dead. The whole island was broken up into several smaller islands by the storm.
- November 4 - U.S. presidential election, 1856: Democrat James Buchanan defeats former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of "Know-Nothings" and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party to become the 15th